Anschluss vs. Annektierung，德國「併吞」奧地利的詞辨
我對於1938年「德國併吞奧地利」一事的認知，一直都圍繞在英文annex這個字上面。最近查Wikipedia的英文版，卻發現這個歷史事件及發展，被收錄在Anschluss這個詞條下。
中文直接將Anschluss翻譯成「併吞」，一定程度上有翻譯出annex（德文Annektierung）的意義，卻也因此忽略掉了Anschluss一詞的複雜性。根據Wikipedia的文章，Anschluss做Annektierung解釋時，確實有軍事併吞的意義在。另一方面，Anschluss字面的意思卻是「聯結、合併」，它卻又不能與「統一」（Vereinigung）相提並論。
Anschluss這個特殊的詞彙，反映了奧地利對於納粹德國的態度。根據Wikipedia的說法（中文翻譯的底線為我加的強調）：
The Anschluss can be misunderstood as a military annexation of an unwilling Austria, but this lends itself to confusion with other German military occupations of European countries. It also tends to conceal the culpability of many Austrians in Nazi crimes, most of all the Shoah, by perpetuating the myth of Austria as the first victim of Hitler’s expansionism [. . .]
With the break-up of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy in 1918, the small Republic of Austria was seen by many of its citizens as economically not viable [. . .] In contrast the Nazi dictatorship apparently seemed to have found a solution to the economic crisis of the 1930s. Furthermore, the break-up had put Austria in an identity crisis, and many Austrians, both of the left and right, felt that Austria should be part of a larger German nation.
Anschluss會被人誤解，認為這是奧地利不情願地被軍事併吞，但是這就會跟其他被德國以軍事手段佔領的歐洲國家混淆。同時這樣的誤解，使得奧地利是希特勒擴張野心第一個受害者的迷思，繼續延續下去，因而遮蓋了許多奧地利人參與納粹罪行因而有罪的事實，尤其是對猶太人的滅絕一事。
奧匈帝國的王室統治於1918年崩解之後，奧地利許多公民，都不認為這個小型共和體制能在經濟上存續下去。相較之下，納粹獨裁政權似乎找到了度過1930年代經濟危機的方法。再者，奧匈帝國的崩解使得奧地利面臨的認同危機，因而許多奧地利人，不管左派右派，都覺得奧地利應該歸屬在一個更大的德意志民族國家之下。
Wikipedia 同時還放了一張1938年4月10日「公民投票」（plebiscite）的選票樣張。這是場贊成票高達99.73%的投票。轉寫選票上的文字並翻譯如下：
Volksabstimmung und Großdeutscher Reichstag
Stimmzettel
Bist Du mit der am 13. März 1938 vollzogenen
Wiedervereinigung Österreichs mit dem Deutschen Reich
einverstanden und stimmst Du für die Kiste unseres Führers
Adolf Hitler?
Ja Nein
人民投票暨大德意志帝國議會
選票
你是否贊成於1938年3月13日生效的奧地利與德意志帝國合併
並同意認阿道夫．希特勒做我們的領袖？
是 否
歐洲的歷史離我們其實並不遙遠。
lukhnos :: Jun.16.2005 :: :: 5 Comments »
5 Responses to “Anschluss vs. Annektierung，德國「併吞」奧地利的詞辨”
為什麼 “是” 和 “否” 的圈圈大小差這麼多 @_@
不然 99% 的贊成率是怎麼來的。:Q 嚴格說來那不是自由的選舉。
I thought ‘Anschluss’ could be translated as ‘closure’. Another problem with politico-military terms of that era is the difference in understanding of the Sino-Japanese phrase ‘進出’.
K,
I never understand the meaning and implications of ‘進出’ in the Japanese context of that period. Can you tell us more?
Also, “closure” is more like Einschluß in German: the relationship of putting one thing into (”ein-”) another or enclosing one thing by another, whereas by Anschluß (from anschließen) the relationship is putting one thing by another (”an-”). Now thinking about it, that’s really a shrewd choice of Nazi Germany’s part.
In that case, the Romance counterpart would be ‘con-clusion’? Cf. ‘An-schluß’, ‘con-clude’. Eerie correspondence with the Final Solution.
The phrase ‘進出’ means ‘to advance’ in XXth-century Japanese, but ‘to enter and to leave’ in contemporary Mandarin. I would even go so far as to say it connotes in Japanese ‘to impose’, ‘to force oneself on’, ‘to encroach’ or even readily ‘to invade’. Some Mandarin-speakers superimpose the Mandarin meaning as an evidence of the nonchalant nature of WW2 Japanese militarism, which (I venture) is unwarranted. The actual Mandarin correspondence should be ‘进攻’, ‘入侵’, or ‘侵略’, which is fair enough.